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| Android N |
Google’s Android 7.0 Nougat is set to roll out on August 5, according to reports. The new Android version will bring a host of new features including revamped Settings and Notifications menu. It will also bring changes to the Camera app and Doze feature seen in Android Marshmallow. More features include the ability to run apps without actually installing them on a device.
Evan Blass confirmed Android 7.0 will be unveiled for users next week in a tweet. “Android 7.0 releases next month, with the 8/5 security patch. Sorry Nexus 5 owners, no Nougat for you,” said Blass. Google Nexus 5, which is almost three years old will not receive the update.
Google rolled out Developer Preview 5 for Android Nougat with final APIs in late July. The Developer Preview 5 was available for Nexus 6, Nexus 5X, Nexus 6P, Nexus 9, and Pixel C devices, as well as General Mobile
4G [Android One] devices. It helped Android developers take note of system behaviour changes in Android N by testing their apps. Let us take a look at the top features of Android 7.0 Nougat:
Behavior Changes
Along with new features and capabilities, Android N includes a variety of system and API behavior changes. This document highlights some of the key changes that you should understand and account for in your apps.
Battery and Memory
Android N includes system behavior changes aimed at improving the battery life of devices and reducing RAM usage. These changes can affect your app’s access to system resources, along with the way your app interacts with other apps via certain implicit intents.
Doze
Introduced in Android 6.0 (API level 23), Doze improves battery life by deferring CPU and network activities when a user leaves a device unplugged, stationary, and with the screen turned off. Android N brings further enhancements to Doze by applying a subset of CPU and network restrictions while the device is unplugged with the screen turned off, but not necessarily stationary, for example, when a handset is traveling in a user’s pocket.
Figure 1. Illustration of how Doze applies a first level of system activity restrictions to improve battery life.
When a device is on battery power, and the screen has been off for a certain time, the device enters Doze and applies the first subset of restrictions: It shuts off app network access, and defers jobs and syncs. If the device is stationary for a certain time after entering Doze, the system applies the rest of the Doze restrictions to
PowerManager.WakeLock,
AlarmManager alarms, GPS, and Wi-Fi scans. Regardless of whether some or all Doze restrictions are being applied, the system wakes the device for brief maintenance windows, during which applications are allowed network access and can execute any deferred jobs/syncs.
Figure 2. Illustration of how Doze applies a second level of system activity restrictions after the device is stationary for a certain time.
Note that activating the screen on or plugging in the device exits Doze and removes these processing restrictions. The additional behavior does not affect recommendations and best practices in adapting your app to the prior version of Doze introduced in Android 6.0 (API level 23), as discussed in
Optimizing for Doze and App Standby. You should still follow those recommendations, such as using Google Cloud Messaging (GCM) to send and receive messages, and start planning updates to accomodate the additional Doze behavior.
Project Svelte: Background Optimizations
Android N removes three implicit broadcasts in order to help optimize both memory use and power consumption. This change is necessary because implicit broadcasts frequently start apps that have registered to listen for them in the background. Removing these broadcasts can substantially benefit device performance and user experience.
Mobile devices experience frequent connectivity changes, such as when moving between Wi-Fi and mobile data. Currently, apps can monitor for changes in connectivity by registering a receiver for the implicit
CONNECTIVITY_ACTION broadcast in their manifest. Since many apps register to receive this broadcast, a single network switch can cause them all to wake up and process the broadcast at once.
Similarly, in previous versions of Android, apps could register to receive implicit
ACTION_NEW_PICTURE and
ACTION_NEW_VIDEO broadcasts from other apps, such as Camera. When a user takes a picture with the Camera app, these apps wake up to process the broadcast.
To alleviate these issues, Android N applies the following optimizations:
- Apps targeting Android N do not receive
CONNECTIVITY_ACTION broadcasts, even if they have manifest entries to request notification of these events. Apps that are running can still listen for CONNECTIVITY_CHANGE on their main thread if they request notification with a BroadcastReceiver.
- Apps cannot send or receive
ACTION_NEW_PICTURE or ACTION_NEW_VIDEO broadcasts. This optimization affects all apps, not only those targeting Android N.
If your app uses any of these intents, you should remove dependencies on them as soon as possible so that you can target Android N devices properly. The Android framework provides several solutions to mitigate the need for these implicit broadcasts. For example, the
JobScheduler API provides a robust mechanism to schedule network operations when specified conditions, such as connection to an unmetered network, are met. You can even use
JobScheduler to react to changes to content providers.
Permissions Changes
Android N includes changes to permissions that may affect your app.
File system permission changes
In order to improve the security of private files, the private directory of apps targeting Android N or higher has restricted access (0700). This setting prevents leakage of metadata of private files, such as their size or existence. This permission change has multiple side effects:
Sharing Files Between Apps
For apps targeting Android N, the Android framework enforces the
StrictMode API policy that prohibits exposing
file:// URIs outside your app. If an intent containing a file URI leaves your app, the app fails with a
FileUriExposedException exception.
To share files between applications, you should send a
content:// URI and grant a temporary access permission on the URI. The easiest way to grant this permission is by using the
FileProvider class. For more information on permissions and sharing files, see
Sharing Files.
Accessibility Improvements
Android N includes changes intended to improve the usability of the platform for users with low or impaired vision. These changes should generally not require code changes in your app, however you should review these feature and test them with your app to assess potential impacts to user experience.
Screen Zoom
Android N enables users to set
Display sizewhich magnifies or shrinks all elements on the screen, thereby improving device accessibility for users with low vision. Users cannot zoom the screen past a minimum screen width of
sw320dp, which is the width of a Nexus 4, a common medium-sized phone.
Figure 3. The screen on the right shows the effect of increasing the Display size of a device running an Android N system image.
When the device density changes, the system notifies running apps in the following ways:
- If an app targets API level 23 or lower, the system automatically kills all its background processes. This means that if a user switches away from such an app to open the Settings screen and changes the Display size setting, the system kills the app in the same manner that it would in a low-memory situation. If the app has any foreground processes, the system notifies those processes of the configuration change as described inHandling Runtime Changes, just as if the device's orientation had changed.
- If an app targets Android N, all of its processes (foreground and background) are notified of the configuration change as described in Handling Runtime Changes.
Most apps do not need to make any changes to support this feature, provided the apps follow Android best practices. Specific things to check for:
Vision Settings in Setup Wizard
Android N includes Vision Settings on the Welcome screen, where users can set up the following accessibility settings on a new device: Magnification gesture, Font size, Display size and TalkBack. This change increases the visibility of bugs related to different screen settings. To assess the impact of this feature, you should test your apps with these settings enabled. You can find the settings under Settings > Accessibility.
NDK Apps Linking to Platform Libraries
Starting in Android N, the system prevents apps from dynamically linking against non-NDK libraries, which may cause your app to crash. This change in behavior aims to create a consistent app experience across platform updates and different devices. Even though your code might not be linking against private libraries, it's possible that a third-party static library in your app could be doing so. Therefore, all developers should check to make sure that their apps do not crash on devices running Android N. If your app uses native code, you should only be using
public NDK APIs.
There are three ways your app might be trying to access private platform APIs:
- Your app directly accesses private platform libraries. You should update your app to include its own copy of those libraries or use the public NDK APIs.
- Your app uses a third-party library that accesses private platform libraries. Even if you are certain your app doesn't access private libraries directly, you should still test your app for this scenario.
- Your app references a library that is not included in its APK. For example, this could happen if you tried to use your own copy of OpenSSL but forgot to bundle it with your app's APK. The app may run normally on versions of Android platform that includes
libcrypto.so. However, the app could crash on later versions of Android that do not include this library (such as, Android 6.0 and later). To fix this, ensure that you bundle all your non-NDK libraries with your APK.
Apps should not use native libraries that are not included in the NDK because they may change or be removed between different versions of Android. The switch from OpenSSL to BoringSSL is an example of such a change. Also, because there are no compatibility requirements for platform libraries not included in the NDK, different devices may offer different levels of compatibility.
In order to reduce the impact that this restriction may have on currently released apps, a set of libraries that see significant use—such aslibandroid_runtime.so, libcutils.so, libcrypto.so, and libssl.so—are temporarily accessible on N for apps targeting API level 23 or lower. If your app loads one of these libraries, logcat generates a warning and a toast appears on the target device to notify you. If you see these warnings, you should update your app to either include its own copy of those libraries or only use the public NDK APIs. Future releases of the Android platform may restrict the use of private libraries altogether and cause your app to crash.
All apps generate a runtime error when they call an API that is neither public nor temporarily accessible. The result is that
System.loadLibrary and
dlopen(3) both return
NULL, and may cause your app to crash. You should review your app code to remove use of private platform APIs and thoroughly test your apps using a preview device or emulator. If you are unsure whether your app uses private libraries, you can
check logcat to identify the runtime error.
The following table describes the behavior you should expect to see from an app depending on its use of private native libraries and its target API level (android:targetSdkVersion).
| Libraries | Target API level | Runtime access via dynamic linker | N Developer Preview behavior | Final N Release behavior | Future Android platform behavior |
|---|
| NDK Public | Any | Accessible | Works as expected | Works as expected | Works as expected |
| Private (temporarily accessible private libraries) | 23 or lower | Temporarily accessible | Works as expected, but you receive a logcat warning and a message on the target device. | Works as expected, but you receive a logcat warning. | Runtime error |
| Private (temporarily accessible private libraries) | 24 or higher | Restricted | Runtime error | Runtime error | Runtime error |
| Private (other) | Any | Restricted | Runtime error | Runtime error | Runtime error |
Check if your app uses private libraries
To help you identify issues loading private libraries, logcat may generate a warning or runtime error. For example, if your app targets API level 23 or lower, and tries to access a private library on a device running Android N, you may see a warning similar to the following:
03-21 17:07:51.502 31234 31234 W linker : library "libandroid_runtime.so"
("/system/lib/libandroid_runtime.so") needed or dlopened by
"/data/app/com.popular-app.android-2/lib/arm/libapplib.so" is not accessible
for the namespace "classloader-namespace" - the access is temporarily granted
as a workaround for http://b/26394120
These logcat warnings tell you which which library is trying to access a private platform API, but will not cause your app to crash. If the app targets API level 24 or higher, however, logcat generates the following runtime error and your app may crash:
java.lang.UnsatisfiedLinkError: dlopen failed: library "libcutils.so"
("/system/lib/libcutils.so") needed or dlopened by
"/system/lib/libnativeloader.so" is not accessible for the namespace
"classloader-namespace"
at java.lang.Runtime.loadLibrary0(Runtime.java:977)
at java.lang.System.loadLibrary(System.java:1602)
You may also see these logcat outputs if your app uses third-party libraries that dynamically link to private platform APIs. The readelf tool in the Android NDK allows you to generate a list of all dynamically linked shared libraries of a given .so file by running the following command:
aarch64-linux-android-readelf -dW libMyLibrary.so
Update your app
Here are some steps you can take to fix these types of errors and make sure your app doesn't crash on future platform updates:
- If your app uses private platform libraries, you should update it to include its own copy of those libraries or use the public NDK APIs.
- If your app uses a third-party library that accesses private symbols, contact the library author to update the library.
- Make sure you package all your non-NDK libraries with your APK.
- Use standard JNI functions instead of
getJavaVM and getJNIEnv from libandroid_runtime.so:AndroidRuntime::getJavaVM -> GetJavaVM from <jni.h>
AndroidRuntime::getJNIEnv -> JavaVM::GetEnv or
JavaVM::AttachCurrentThread from <jni.h>.
- Use
__system_property_get instead of the private property_get symbol from libcutils.so. To do this, use __system_property_get with the following include:#include <sys/system_properties.h>
Note: The availability and contents of system properties is not tested through CTS. A better fix would be to avoid using these properties altogether.
- Use a local version of the
SSL_ctrl symbol from libcrypto.so. For example, you should statically link libcyrpto.a in your .so file, or include a dynamically linked version of libcrypto.so from BoringSSL/OpenSSL and package it in your APK.
Android for Work
Android N contains changes for apps that target Android for Work, including changes to certificate installation, password resetting, secondary user management, and access to device identifiers. If you are building apps for Android for Work environments, you should review these changes and modify your app accordingly.
- You must install a delegated certificate installer before the DPC can set it. For both profile and device-owner apps targeting the N SDK, you should install the delegated certificate installer before the device policy controller (DPC) calls
DevicePolicyManager.setCertInstallerPackage(). If the installer is not already installed, the system throws an IllegalArgumentException.
- Reset password restrictions for device admins now apply to profile owners. Device admins can no longer use
DevicePolicyManager.resetPassword() to clear passwords or change ones that are already set. Device admins can still set a password, but only when the device has no password, PIN, or pattern.
- Device and profile owners can manage accounts even if restrictions are set. Device owners and profile owners can call the Account Management APIs even if
DISALLOW_MODIFY_ACCOUNTS user restrictions are in place.
- Device owners can manage secondary users more easily. When a device is running in device owner mode, the
DISALLOW_ADD_USER restriction is automatically set. This prevents users from creating unmanaged secondary users. In addition, the CreateUser() and createAndInitializeUser()methods are deprecated; the new DevicePolicyManager.createAndManageUser() method replaces them.
- Device owners can access device identifiers. A Device owner can access the Wi-Fi MAC address of a device, using
DevicePolicyManagewr.getWifiMacAddress(). If Wi-Fi has never been enabled on the device, this method returns a value of null.
- The Work Mode setting controls access to work apps. When work mode is off the system launcher indicates work apps are unavailable by greying them out. Enabling work mode again restores normal behavior.
- When installing a PKCS #12 file containing a client certificate chain and the corresponding private key from Settings UI, the CA certificate in the chain is no longer installed to the trusted credentials storage. This does not affect the result of
KeyChain.getCertificateChain() when apps attempt to retrieve the client certificate chain later. If required, the CA certificate should be installed to the trusted credentials storage via Settings UI separately, with a DER-encoded format under a .crt or .cer file extension.
- Starting in Android N, fingerprint enrollment and storage are managed per user. If a profile owner’s Device Policy Client (DPC) targets pre-N on an N device, the user is still able to set fingerprint on the device, but work applications cannot access device fingerprint. When the DPC targets N and above, the user can set fingerprint specifically for work profile by going to Settings > Security > Work profile security.
- A new encryption status
ENCRYPTION_STATUS_ACTIVE_PER_USER is returned by DevicePolicyManager.getStorageEncryptionStatus(), to indicate that encryption is active and the encryption key is tied to the user. The new status is only returned if DPC targets API Level 24 and above. For apps targeting earlier API levels, ENCRYPTION_STATUS_ACTIVE is returned, even if the encryption key is specific to the user or profile.
- In Android N, several methods that would ordinarily affect the entire device behave differently if the device has a work profile installed with a separate work challenge. Rather than affecting the entire device, these methods apply only to the work profile. (The complete list of such methods is in the
DevicePolicyManager.getParentProfileInstance() documentation.) For example, DevicePolicyManager.lockNow() locks just the work profile, instead of locking the entire device. For each of these methods, you can get the old behavior by calling the method on the parent instance of the DevicePolicyManager; you can get this parent by calling DevicePolicyManager.getParentProfileInstance(). So for example, if you call the parent instance's lockNow() method, the entire device is locked.
Annotations Retention
Android N fixes a bug where the visibility of annotations was being ignored. This issue enabled the runtime to access annotations that it should not have been able to. These annotations included:
VISIBILITY_BUILD: Intended to be visible only at build time.VISIBILITY_SYSTEM: Intended to be visible at runtime, but only to the underlying system.
If your app has relied on this behavior, please add a retention policy to annotations that must be available at runtime. You do so by using@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME).
Other Important Points
- When an app is running on Android N, but targets a lower API level, and the user changes display size, the app process is killed. The app must be able to gracefully handle this scenario. Otherwise, it crashes when the user restores it from Recents.
You should test your app to ensure that this behavior does not occur. You can do so by causing an identical crash when killing the app manually via DDMS.
Apps targeting N and above are not automatically killed on density changes; however, they may still respond poorly to configuration changes.
- Apps on Android N should be able to gracefully handle configuration changes, and should not crash on subsequent starts. You can verify app behavior by changing font size (Setting > Display > Font size), and then restoring the app from Recents.
- Due to a bug in previous versions of Android, the system did not flag writing to a TCP socket on the main thread as a strict-mode violation. Android N fixes this bug. Apps that exhibit this behavior now throw an
android.os.NetworkOnMainThreadException. Generally, performing network operations on the main thread is a bad idea because these operations usually have a high tail latency that causes ANRs and jank.
- The
Debug.startMethodTracing() family of methods now defaults to storing output in your package-specific directory on shared storage, instead of at the top level of the SD card. This means apps no longer need to request the WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE permission to use these APIs.
- Many platform APIs have now started checking for large payloads being sent across
Binder transactions, and the system now rethrowsTransactionTooLargeExceptions as RuntimeExceptions, instead of silently logging or suppressing them. One common example is storing too much data in Activity.onSaveInstanceState(), which causes ActivityThread.StopInfo to throw a RuntimeException when your app targets Android N.
- If an app posts
Runnable tasks to a View, and the View is not attached to a window, the system queues the Runnable task with the View; the Runnabletask does not execute until the View is attached to a window. This behavior fixes the following bugs:
- If an app posted to a
View from a thread other than the intended window’s UI thread, the Runnable may run on the wrong thread as a result.
- If the
Runnable task was posted from a thread other than a looper thread, the app could expose the Runnable task.
- If an app on Android N with
DELETE_PACKAGES permission tries to delete a package, but a different app had installed that package, the system requires user confirmation. In this scenario, apps should expect STATUS_PENDING_USER_ACTION as the return status when they invokePackageInstaller.uninstall().
- The JCA provider called Crypto is deprecated, because its only algorithm, SHA1PRNG, is cryptographically weak. Apps can no longer use SHA1PRNG to (insecurely) derive keys, because this provider is no longer available. For more information, see the blog post Security "Crypto" provider deprecated in Android N
Multi-window
Multi-window feature is something Android users might have wanted for a long time now. The feature will allow users to run apps in multi-windows simultaneously. Users can choose to run tasks both in the split-screen mode or picture-in-picture mode. The feature is somewhat similar to the one introduced for
Xiaomi’s MIUI 8. The multi-window or the split-screen feature can be used on Android TV sets as well tablets, apart from smartphones.
